Overview
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) occurs when the superior vena cava, a major vein returning blood from the upper body to the heart, is partially blocked or compressed, often by a tumor.
Symptoms
Swelling of the face, neck, and upper chest Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing Distended veins in the neck or chest Cough or hoarseness Headache or dizziness
Causes
Compression by lung cancer or mediastinal tumors Blood clots in the superior vena cava Infections or inflammation in the mediastinum Medical devices like central venous catheters
Diagnosis
Physical examination and symptom evaluation CT scan or MRI to identify obstruction Venography to visualize veins Biopsy if tumor is suspected
Treatment
Treat underlying cause (e.g., chemotherapy or radiation for tumors) Stenting of the superior vena cava in severe cases Medications to reduce swelling or blood clots Oxygen therapy if breathing is compromised