Overview
Bunions are bony bumps that develop at the base of the big toe, causing the joint to stick out and the toe to angle toward the other toes. They can be painful and make walking or wearing shoes uncomfortable.
Causes
Genetic predisposition or inherited foot structure Wearing tight, narrow, or high-heeled shoes Foot injuries or deformities Arthritis, especially inflammatory types like rheumatoid arthritis
Signs and Symptoms
Visible bump at the base of the big toe Swelling, redness, or tenderness around the joint Pain when walking or wearing shoes Limited movement of the affected toe
Diagnosis
Physical examination of the foot X-rays to determine the extent of bone displacement and joint deformity Assessment of gait and foot function
Treatment
Wearing wider, more comfortable shoes with soft soles Padding or orthotic devices to relieve pressure Anti-inflammatory medications or pain relievers Ice packs to reduce swelling Surgery in severe cases to correct the bone alignment (bunionectomy)
Prevention and Care
Choose shoes that fit properly and have a wide toe box Avoid high heels or shoes that squeeze the toes Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on the feet Perform foot exercises to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility