Overview
Bronchiolitis is a common lung infection in young children and infants that affects the small airways (bronchioles) in the lungs. It is usually caused by viral infections, most commonly the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Causes
Viral infections, primarily RSV Other viruses such as influenza, adenovirus, or parainfluenza Exposure to cigarette smoke or other respiratory irritants (risk factor)
Signs and Symptoms
Runny nose and nasal congestion Coughing and wheezing Rapid or labored breathing Fever (mild to moderate) Loss of appetite or difficulty feeding in infants Fatigue or irritability
Diagnosis
Physical examination and listening to the lungs with a stethoscope Observation of breathing patterns and oxygen levels Occasionally, nasal swabs to detect the viral cause Chest X-ray in severe cases to rule out pneumonia
Treatment
Supportive care: ensuring hydration and proper nutrition Oxygen therapy if blood oxygen levels are low Medications are usually not required, but in some cases bronchodilators may be used Hospitalization for severe cases, especially in very young infants Monitoring for complications like secondary bacterial infections
Prevention and Care
Frequent handwashing and hygiene to prevent viral spread Avoiding exposure to sick individuals and crowded places during outbreaks Vaccination for RSV or influenza when recommended Keeping infants away from cigarette smoke Prompt medical attention if breathing difficulties occur