Overview
Bilharzia , or schistosomiasis , is a parasitic disease caused by infection with freshwater worms called Schistosoma . It is common in parts of Africa, South America, the Middle East, and Asia.
Causes
Contact with freshwater contaminated with Schistosoma larvae. The larvae penetrate the skin while swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated water. Poor sanitation and lack of clean water increase the risk of infection.
Symptoms
Itchy skin or rash shortly after infection Fever, chills, and muscle aches Abdominal pain and diarrhea Blood in urine or stool Enlarged liver or spleen in chronic infections Fatigue and anemia
Diagnosis
Microscopic examination of urine or stool for parasite eggs Blood tests for antibodies or antigens Imaging studies to assess liver, spleen, or bladder damage in chronic cases
Treatment
Antiparasitic medication such as praziquantel to kill the worms Supportive care for anemia or organ damage if present Repeated treatment may be necessary in areas with ongoing transmission
Prevention
Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater bodies in endemic areas Use safe, treated water for bathing and washing Improved sanitation and access to clean water Community-based mass drug administration programs in high-risk areas