Overview
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that inflames and narrows the airways, causing difficulty in breathing. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may be triggered by allergens, irritants, or exercise.
Causes
Allergic reactions to pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander Environmental irritants such as smoke, pollution, and chemicals Respiratory infections, especially in childhood Genetic predisposition and family history of asthma or allergies Exercise-induced or occupational triggers
Symptoms
Shortness of breath Wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing) Chest tightness or pain Coughing, especially at night or early morning Difficulty sleeping due to breathing problems
Diagnosis
Medical history and physical examination Lung function tests, including spirometry Allergy testing to identify triggers Peak flow measurement to monitor airway obstruction Chest X-ray or CT scan in atypical cases
Treatment
Inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation Bronchodilators for quick relief of symptoms Leukotriene modifiers to prevent airway constriction Allergy medications if asthma is triggered by allergens Developing an asthma action plan for flare-ups
Complications
Frequent asthma attacks Chronic airway inflammation and remodeling Reduced lung function over time Hospitalization or intensive care in severe attacks Impact on daily activities and quality of life
Prevention & Management
Identify and avoid triggers Regular use of prescribed medications Monitor symptoms and lung function regularly Vaccinations for influenza and pneumonia to prevent respiratory infections Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including exercise and avoiding smoking