Overview
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that increase the risk of blood clots in veins and arteries. APS can lead to complications such as stroke, heart attack, and pregnancy-related issues.
Symptoms
Frequent blood clots (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) Stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA) Pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or preterm delivery Skin rashes (livedo reticularis) Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) Fatigue and weakness
Causes
Autoimmune reaction producing antiphospholipid antibodies Genetic predisposition Associated conditions like lupus Environmental triggers such as infections or medications
Diagnosis
Blood tests to detect antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant, anti-beta2 glycoprotein I) History of blood clots or pregnancy complications Exclusion of other clotting disorders
Treatment
Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) such as warfarin or heparin Low-dose aspirin for prevention in certain patients Monitoring during pregnancy with specialized care Treatment of underlying autoimmune disorders if present
Complications
Stroke or heart attack due to blood clots Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Recurrent miscarriages or pregnancy loss Organ damage from impaired blood flow
Prevention
Regular medical check-ups and blood tests if at risk Use of anticoagulants as prescribed Avoiding smoking and other clot-promoting factors Prompt treatment of infections or other triggers