Overview
Addison's disease , also called primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and, sometimes, aldosterone. These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, blood pressure, and the body’s response to stress.
Symptoms
Chronic fatigue and weakness Unexplained weight loss Loss of appetite Low blood pressure, sometimes causing dizziness Darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation) Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Salt craving Depression or irritability
Causes
Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged or malfunction. Common causes include:
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal tissue Infections such as tuberculosis or HIV Adrenal gland cancer or bleeding Genetic disorders affecting adrenal function
Diagnosis
Blood tests to check cortisol and ACTH levels ACTH stimulation test to assess adrenal response Electrolyte tests to detect low sodium or high potassium Imaging tests (CT/MRI) to examine adrenal glands
Treatment
Hormone replacement therapy (corticosteroids like hydrocortisone) Fludrocortisone for aldosterone replacement if needed Managing stress, illness, or surgery with increased steroid doses Regular monitoring and follow-up with an endocrinologist
Complications
Addisonian crisis – severe, sudden worsening with low blood pressure, vomiting, and loss of consciousness Electrolyte imbalances Shock or death if untreated during crisis
Prevention
Regular medical check-ups if at risk Prompt treatment of infections Stress management and proper adjustment of steroid medication during illness