Overview
Actinomycosis is a rare bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species. These bacteria normally live harmlessly in the mouth, throat, gut, and female reproductive tract, but can cause infection when they enter tissues through cuts, surgery, or dental procedures. The infection often forms abscesses, tissue fibrosis, and draining sinus tracts.
Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the affected area but commonly include:
Swelling or lumps under the skin, often in the jaw, chest, or abdomen Abscess formation and pus drainage through sinus tracts Fever and general malaise Pain or discomfort in the affected area Weight loss in chronic cases
Causes
Actinomycosis occurs when Actinomyces bacteria invade tissues, typically due to:
Oral trauma or dental procedures Injuries or surgeries that disrupt mucosal barriers Weakened immune system Poor oral hygiene
Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be challenging and often involves:
Physical examination of lumps or abscesses Imaging tests (CT, MRI, or X-ray) to assess the extent of infection Microbiological culture of pus or tissue samples Biopsy to differentiate from cancer or other infections
Treatment
Treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy, sometimes combined with surgery:
High-dose penicillin – usually for several weeks to months Alternative antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients (e.g., doxycycline, clindamycin) Surgical drainage or excision – for large abscesses or extensive tissue involvement
Prevention
Maintain good oral hygiene Promptly treat dental infections and injuries Seek medical attention for persistent swelling or abscesses Follow post-surgical care instructions to prevent infection