Overview
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It often appears on the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders. Acne can manifest as whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, or cysts and is most common during adolescence, though it can affect adults as well.
Symptoms
Symptoms of acne include:
Whiteheads (closed plugged pores) Blackheads (open plugged pores) Pimples (small red, tender bumps) Cysts (painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the skin) Scarring in severe cases
Causes
Acne can be caused by several factors, including:
Excess oil (sebum) production Clogged hair follicles Bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes) Hormonal changes (puberty, pregnancy, menstrual cycles) Certain medications (steroids, lithium, anticonvulsants) Diet (high glycemic foods, dairy in some cases) Stress
Diagnosis
Acne is usually diagnosed by a healthcare provider through:
Physical examination of the skin Review of medical history and triggers Assessment of severity to guide treatment
Treatment
Treatment varies depending on severity:
Topical treatments – benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, antibiotics Oral medications – antibiotics, hormonal therapy (for females), isotretinoin for severe acne Skincare routine – gentle cleansing, non-comedogenic products Procedures – chemical peels, laser therapy, drainage of large cysts
Complications
Possible complications include:
Permanent scarring or hyperpigmentation Skin infections if lesions are picked or squeezed Psychological impact – low self-esteem, anxiety, depression
Prevention & Care
Wash the affected area gently twice daily Use non-comedogenic moisturizers and makeup Avoid picking or squeezing pimples Maintain a balanced diet and manage stress Consult a dermatologist for persistent or severe acne