25 September 2025

Key Tips for Parents to Spot Severe Malnutrition

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains a critical concern in South Africa, with approximately 23% of children under five at risk of life-threatening malnutrition and related health complications. Health officials emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention to prevent long-term damage and fatalities.
Key Indicators of Severe Malnutrition

Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for the following signs:

• Sudden or Extreme Weight Loss: A noticeable decrease in weight or rapid weight loss can be a warning sign.
• Swollen Feet or Face: This may indicate kwashiorkor, a form of SAM characterized by edema.
• Persistent Diarrhoea or Repeated Infections: Frequent illnesses can lead to nutrient depletion and exacerbate malnutrition.
• Lethargy or Irritability: A significant decrease in energy levels or unusual irritability may signal underlying health issues.
• Stunted Growth: Children who appear much shorter or smaller than others their age may be experiencing chronic malnutrition.

Urgency of Medical Attention

Health experts stress that timely intervention is crucial. Delays in seeking medical care can lead to severe complications such as hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, and sepsis. Immediate consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended if any of these symptoms are observed.

Broader Context and Statistics
The Gauteng Department of Health reported over 1,000 cases of SAM in the past financial year, with the highest numbers in Tshwane, Johannesburg, and Ekurhuleni. Despite ongoing health and social development programs, the incidence of SAM in children under five has increased by 26% over the past five years. Factors contributing to this rise include limited access to social safety nets and inadequate nutrition. Additionally, SAM is associated with 30.9% of audited under-five child deaths in South Africa.

Prevention and Support

Preventing malnutrition involves ensuring access to a balanced diet, regular health check-ups, and early childhood development programs. Community support and education play vital roles in combating malnutrition. Parents and caregivers are encouraged to utilize available health facilities for early screening and treatment.

Recognizing and addressing the signs of severe malnutrition promptly can significantly improve outcomes for affected children. Collective efforts are essential to reduce the prevalence of SAM and promote the well-being of children across South Africa.