December 09, 2024

Heartburn Medications Linked to Increased Depression Risk, Experts Warn

Millions of people in the UK taking common heartburn medications may face an increased risk of developing depression, experts have cautioned. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole and lansoprazole, which are used to reduce stomach acid, were prescribed more than 74 million times in England in 2023.

PPIs can interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a critical nutrient for maintaining mental health. The NHS acknowledges that a deficiency in vitamin B12 can result in psychological issues such as depression, confusion, and even dementia.

“PPIs can block 80% or more of stomach acid production, which significantly impacts nutrient absorption,” explained pharmacist Deborah Grayson. This disruption can hinder the body’s ability to produce serotonin, often referred to as the "happy hormone," potentially leading to low mood or depression.

A 2017 study involving around 350 elderly participants suggested that one-sixth of depression cases could be linked to PPI use. Product leaflets for PPIs already caution users to seek medical advice if they experience symptoms like memory problems, confusion, or depression.

Other medications, including certain antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, have also been associated with mood disorders. These antibiotics may affect mood by disrupting the gut microbiome, which plays a role in producing brain hormones.

Additionally, drugs like topiramate (Topamax) and gabapentin (Neurontin), prescribed for epilepsy and nerve pain, have been linked to mood changes and depression in a small percentage of patients.

Experts stress that patients should not discontinue their medications without consulting a healthcare professional. Instead, they should seek medical advice to address symptoms of depression, including a review of vitamin B12 and folate levels. Immediate medical attention is recommended for severe symptoms such as suicidal thoughts.

For those experiencing depression for more than two weeks, particularly if it interferes with daily life, the NHS advises consulting a GP for appropriate treatment.